Instruments developed by the Institute of Applied Physics of the CNR of Florence (Istituto di Fisica Applicata del CNR di Firenze) that are based on evanescent field dielectrometry (EFD). These instruments work in the microwave range (1-1.5 GHz), ar portable, and allow real-time non-invasive measurements of sub-surface moisture content and the detection of soluble salts (salinity index).
