Refers to the intellectual and artistic movement among Mexican writers and artists such as Fermín Revueltas and Diego Rivera in the 1920s. The movement is characterized by a focus on cosmopolitanism and the public obligations of art and by a disdain for the academic art world and the Symbolist movement. The movement, borrowing ideas from Futurist manifestos and Spanish Ultraist ideas, roused a strong cultural revival at the community level, criticizing religiosity and patriotism, promoting the Muralist movement in Mexico, and advocating the USSR as an ideological model.