<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><metadata xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><dc:title xml:lang="en">spirit duplicator copies</dc:title><dc:identifier>http://AATesaurus.cultura.gencat.cat/aat/getty_en?tema=31485640</dc:identifier><dc:language>en</dc:language><dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Getty Institute</dc:publisher><dcterms:created>2026-03-30 20:37:53</dcterms:created><dcterms:isPartOf xsi:type="dcterms:URI">http://AATesaurus.cultura.gencat.cat/aat/getty_en</dcterms:isPartOf><dcterms:isPartOf xml:lang="en">Tesaurus d&apos;Art i Arquitectura</dcterms:isPartOf><dc:format>text/html</dc:format> <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">ditto</dcterms:alternative> <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">spirit duplicate</dcterms:alternative> <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">spirit duplicates</dcterms:alternative> <dcterms:alternative xml:lang="en">spirit duplicator copy</dcterms:alternative> <dc:description xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[ Spirit duplicator copies, are often referred to as "ditto" copies, which was a brand name. Spirit duplication was considered an evolution of the hectographic print process. Invented by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld in 1923, spirit duplication became a common and economical printing method for limited quantities of copies in the context of offices, classrooms, clubs, or churches. Many early fanzines were produced this way. Instead of an ink-transmitting gelatin pad as used in the hectographic process, spirit duplication incorporates a waxy, paste-like ink that is partially dissolved with the application of a hydrocarbon spirit solvent, materials which later were understood to be unsafe. ]]></dc:description></metadata>