spectroscopyx-ray spectroscopyinfrared spectroscopyatomic absorption spectroscopyRaman spectroscopyultraviolet-visible spectroscopyMössbauer spectroscopyparticle-induced x-ray emissionemission spectroscopyluminescence spectroscopylaser spectroscopylaser-induced fluorescencevibrational spectroscopyterahertz time-domain spectroscopyelectrochemical impedance spectroscopymicro x-ray fluorescenceinfrared reflection absorption spectroscopyenergy dispersive x-ray spectrometryreflectance spectroscopymacro x-ray fluorescenceconfocal micro x-ray fluorescencespectrometryanalysis and testing techniquesanalysis, spectrumspectrum analysis