<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><mads xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/mads/" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/mads/
mads.xsd"><authority><topic authority="http://AATesaurus.cultura.gencat.cat/aat/getty_en">Van Dyck brown</topic></authority><related type="broader"><topic>organic brown pigment</topic></related><variant type="other"><topic>Cologne earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Cullens earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Kassel earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Kasslerbraun</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Van Dyke brown</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Vandyke brown</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>bituminous earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>earth of cullen</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>humic earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>humic-earth pigment</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>moreno de Van Dyck</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>terra di Colonia</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Cassel brown</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Cassel earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Cassler umbra</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Castle earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Colens earth</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>Collens earth</topic></variant> <note xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[ A naturally occurring dark brown earth pigment containing organic humus, peat, or coal material mixed with iron oxides, alumina and silica. When ignited, the pigment leaves a soft gray residue. The colorant is fugitive and fades on exposure to strong light. The pigment was first used in the 17th century; early sources were from the Cologne and Kassel regions of Germany, thus the alternate pigment names. The brown earth has since been obtained from various localities each of which may differ slightly in color and composition. To add to this confusion some pigments labeled "Van Dyck brown" were bituminous while others were synthetically made from from carbon black and iron oxide mixtures. For these synthetic mixtures, use "synthetic Van Dyck brown." ]]></note></mads>