<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><mads xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/mads/" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/mads/
mads.xsd"><authority><topic authority="http://AATesaurus.cultura.gencat.cat/aat/getty_en">spirit duplicator copies</topic></authority><related type="other"><topic>spirit duplicating</topic></related><related type="other"><topic>ditto machines</topic></related><related type="broader"><topic>reprographic copies</topic></related><variant type="other"><topic>ditto</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>spirit duplicate</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>spirit duplicates</topic></variant><variant type="other"><topic>spirit duplicator copy</topic></variant> <note xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[ Spirit duplicator copies, are often referred to as "ditto" copies, which was a brand name. Spirit duplication was considered an evolution of the hectographic print process. Invented by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld in 1923, spirit duplication became a common and economical printing method for limited quantities of copies in the context of offices, classrooms, clubs, or churches. Many early fanzines were produced this way. Instead of an ink-transmitting gelatin pad as used in the hectographic process, spirit duplication incorporates a waxy, paste-like ink that is partially dissolved with the application of a hydrocarbon spirit solvent, materials which later were understood to be unsafe. ]]></note></mads>