<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE Zthes SYSTEM "http://zthes.z3950.org/xml/zthes-05.dtd">  <Zthes><term><termId>31485640</termId><termName>spirit duplicator copies</termName><termType>PT</termType><termNote><![CDATA[ Spirit duplicator copies, are often referred to as "ditto" copies, which was a brand name. Spirit duplication was considered an evolution of the hectographic print process. Invented by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld in 1923, spirit duplication became a common and economical printing method for limited quantities of copies in the context of offices, classrooms, clubs, or churches. Many early fanzines were produced this way. Instead of an ink-transmitting gelatin pad as used in the hectographic process, spirit duplication incorporates a waxy, paste-like ink that is partially dissolved with the application of a hydrocarbon spirit solvent, materials which later were understood to be unsafe. ]]></termNote><termCreatedDate>2026-03-30 20:37:53</termCreatedDate><relation><relationType>UF</relationType><termId>31485641</termId><termName>ditto</termName><termType>ND</termType></relation><relation><relationType>UF</relationType><termId>31485642</termId><termName>spirit duplicate</termName><termType>ND</termType></relation><relation><relationType>UF</relationType><termId>31485643</termId><termName>spirit duplicates</termName><termType>ND</termType></relation><relation><relationType>UF</relationType><termId>31485644</termId><termName>spirit duplicator copy</termName><termType>ND</termType></relation><relation><relationType>BT</relationType><termId>31333371</termId><termName>reprographic copies</termName><termType>PT</termType></relation><relation><relationType>RT</relationType><termId>31388373</termId><termName>ditto machines</termName><termType>PT</termType></relation><relation><relationType>RT</relationType><termId>31340249</termId><termName>spirit duplicating</termName><termType>PT</termType></relation></term>  </Zthes>